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Biodegradation is a cost-effective method to remove the residues of azo dyes prior to their discharge in wastewater streams from dye product industries. The efficacy of this treatment method is highly dependent on establishing an effective degrader community and maintaining environmental conditions that support the growth and activity of the degrader organisms. Although activated sludge is commonly...
The pressures of an ever-increasing population and industrial development have led to the addition of an array of man-made chemicals in the environment, leading to a tremendous deterioration in environmental quality. Contamination of soil, air, water, and food is one of the major problems facing the industrialized world today. Significant regulatory steps have been taken to eliminate or to reduce...
Effluent discharge from textile and dyestuff industries to neighboring water bodies is currently causing significant health concerns to environmental regulatory agencies due to the toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of the dyes and their breakdown products. Therefore, considerable attention has been given to evaluate the removal of dyes during wastewater treatment and in the natural environment...
Synthetic organic dyes are essential for satisfying the ever growing demand in terms of quality, variety, and speed of coloration of large number of substances. Because of the xenobiotic nature of dyes, they are toxicant to biological system and causes serious damage to environment. Ever-increasing concerns about color in the effluent lead to the worldwide efforts to build up effective procedure for...
Azo dyes are the largest and the most diverse group of synthetic dyes widely used in many industries, which are generally recalcitrant to biodegradation due to their xenobiotic nature. The effective treatment of azo dye wastewaters has been a big challenge, and up to now there is no single and economically attractive treatment that can effectively decolorize dyes. However, notable achievements have...
This chapter embodies two sections. In the first section a survey of the state of the art of azo-dye conversion by means of bacteria is presented, with a focus on reactor design and operational issues. The relevance of thorough characterization of reaction kinetics and yields is discussed. The second section is focused on recent results regarding the conversion of an azo-dye by means of bacterial...
Azo dyes are the most widely used dyes in textile industry. During the dyeing process, the degree of exhaustion of dyes is never complete, resulting in azo dye-containing effluents. The biodegradation of azo dyes is difficult due to their complex structure and synthetic nature. The removal of azo dyes from industry effluents is desirable not only for aesthetic reasons but also because azo dyes and...
White rot fungi (WRF) produce various isoforms of extracellular peroxidases (lignin peroxidase-LiP and manganese peroxidase-MnP) and phenoloxidases (laccases), which are involved in the degradation of lignin in their natural lignocellulosic substrates. This ligninolytic system of WRF is directly involved in the degradation of various xenobiotic compounds and dyes. Liquid fermentation or solid-state...
Decolorization has recently become an area of major scientific interest as indicated by the large quantity of related research reports. During the past two decades, several color removal techniques have been reported, few of which have been accepted by some industries. There is a need to find alternative technologies that are effective in decolorizing dyes from large volume of effluents. Alternative...
Azo dyes are synthetically produced organic molecules and represent the largest group of commercial dyes. Industrial use for coloring purposes generates huge volumes of dyed effluents, which are of environmental concern. Color removal has been achieved by using microorganisms such as filamentous fungi, especially white rot fungi, and bacterial species. In this chapter, we look for a still largely...
Azo dyes are complex compounds generally recalcitrant to biodegradation. From their catabolism several toxic and carcinogenic compounds are formed, in particular when their decolorization is reached through a reductive cleavage of the azo groups. For this reason the full degradation of the dyes and the intermediates is necessary to prevent risks for human health. Their mineralization can usually be...
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